Prompt payment

North Dakota prompt payment act and retainage rules

North Dakota's prompt payment rules are aimed at public owners. State agencies, political subdivisions, and school districts pay within 45 days of an invoice unless the contract sets a date, late money earns 1.75 percent a month, and public improvement contracts hold 10 percent retainage only until the job is 50 percent complete.

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Review invoices, committed costs, and cash timing together before making project decisions. AI-generated illustration.

North Dakota's prompt payment act is short and aimed at public money. Chapter 13-01.1 of the Century Code requires every state agency, political subdivision, and school district to pay on the date set in the contract, or within 45 days after receiving the invoice if the contract sets no date, with interest at 1.75 percent per month on late amounts. A contractor paid on a public job has 45 days to pay its subs and suppliers. For public improvements, Chapter 48-01.2 sets retainage at 10 percent of each estimate until the project is 50 percent complete, then no more. The chapters cited here apply to public owners; this page found no general private construction prompt pay statute, so on private jobs the contract governs.

North Dakota payment and retainage rules at a glance
RulePublic workPrivate work
Owner pays primeContract date, or 45 days after invoice (§ 13-01.1-01). Public improvement estimates considered at least monthly (§ 48-01.2-13)No general statute found; contract terms govern
Prime pays sub45 days after the business receives payment from the public body (§ 13-01.1-06)Contract terms
Late interest1.75 percent per month unless the contract sets another rate, compounding (§§ 13-01.1-02, -03). Estimates over 30 days late: 2 points below Bank of North Dakota prime (§ 48-01.2-14)Contract terms
Retainage cap10 percent of each estimate until 50 percent complete, then none unless unsatisfactory progress is documented (§ 48-01.2-13)Contract terms
Retainage releaseAt 95 percent complete, up to 95 percent of retainage may be paid; balance as the architect or engineer approves; final payment after completion, acceptance, and releasesContract terms
Interest on retainageGoverning body may invest retained amounts so they earn interest for the contractor (§ 48-01.2-13)Contract terms
DisputesInterest rules do not apply while a good-faith dispute over amount or compliance is pending; if resolved for the business, interest is owed (§ 13-01.1-05)Contract terms

Chapter 13-01.1: the 45-day rule and 1.75 percent interest

Section 13-01.1-01 covers any state agency, political subdivision, or school district that buys property or services under a contract with a business. It pays for each completed, delivered item or service on the date the contract sets. If the contract is silent, the deadline is 45 days after the invoice arrives. Section 13-01.1-02 adds interest at 1.75 percent per month unless the contract names a different rate. When the contract sets a due date, interest starts the day after it. When it does not and payment is not made within 45 days, interest runs from the day the invoice was received.

Unpaid interest also compounds. Under § 13-01.1-03, interest still unpaid at the end of any 45-day period (or the contract's period) is added to principal and earns interest itself. State agencies cannot go back to the legislature for extra money to cover the interest they owe (§ 13-01.1-04), which is a good thing to mention politely when a payment is sitting in an approval queue.

Paying subs on North Dakota public jobs

Section 13-01.1-06 is the flow-down. Once a state agency, political subdivision, school district, or federal agency pays the contractor, the contractor has 45 days to pay its subs and suppliers. After that, interest at the § 13-01.1-02 rate accrues, unless the subcontract provides otherwise. That last phrase matters: unlike many states, North Dakota lets the subcontract change the sub's remedy, so read the payment article before you sign. The statute keys the sub's clock to receipt of payment, which works like a pay-when-paid rule. It does not address whether a pay-if-paid clause is enforceable.

A worked example: a concrete sub on a school district addition bills $48,000. The district pays the GC on May 1. The sub's 45 days run to about June 15. If the GC pays on July 15 and the subcontract does not change the rate, 1.75 percent per month for that month late comes to $840.

Retainage on public improvements (Chapter 48-01.2)

At least once a month during the work, the governing body has to receive and consider a partial payment estimate from the architect or engineer and pay the approved value of labor and material, including materials adequately stored. Each estimate carries retainage of 10 percent until the project is 50 percent complete. After that, no further retainage is taken unless unsatisfactory progress or performance is documented. At 95 percent complete, the governing body may pay up to 95 percent of the amount retained, and the rest is paid in the amounts and at the times the architect or engineer approves. Final payment follows completion of all work, acceptance, and delivery of the necessary releases.

  • Interest on held money: the governing body may invest or deposit retained amounts so the contractor's money earns interest or dividends for the contractor, kept in the governing body's name until final payment (§ 48-01.2-13).
  • Late estimates: if an approved estimate or the final payment sits more than 30 days, the governing body owes interest from the approval date at 2 percentage points below the Bank of North Dakota prime rate (§ 48-01.2-14).
  • Billing tip: on a $3,000,000 public building, 10 percent on the first half is up to $150,000 held. Track the 50 percent date so retainage stops on the next estimate.

Payment disputes on public work often turn into bond claims, so keep the North Dakota lien and bond deadlines in view, along with license requirements and prevailing wage notes. Smart Business Automator tracks due dates and percent complete by job so the retainage cutoff and interest dates are visible on each invoice. See construction accounts receivable automation.

Frequently asked questions

Does North Dakota have a private construction prompt payment law?

The prompt payment and retainage rules cited here (Chapters 13-01.1 and 48-01.2) apply to public owners. This page found no general private construction prompt pay statute, so private jobs are governed by the contract.

How long does a North Dakota public body have to pay?

On the date set by contract, or within 45 days after receiving the invoice if no date is set. Late amounts earn 1.75 percent per month unless the contract specifies a different rate.

How fast must a contractor pay subs on North Dakota public work?

Within 45 days after receiving payment from the public body. Interest at 1.75 percent per month then accrues unless the subcontract provides otherwise.

What is the retainage on North Dakota public improvements?

10 percent of each partial payment estimate until the project is 50 percent complete, then no further retainage unless unsatisfactory progress or performance is documented.

Sources

  1. North Dakota Century Code Chapter 13-01.1, interest on delinquent accounts
  2. North Dakota Century Code Chapter 48-01.2, public improvement bids and contracts

Laws and rates change. Confirm current requirements with the state agency before you bid, file, or pay. This page is general information, not legal advice.

Written and edited by

Maurice Francois writes and edits construction operations guides for Smart Business Automator. More from Maurice on the Scaling Legends podcast.

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