Pricing and estimating

How to price electrical jobs

Electrical pricing is labor-hour math. Count the work, apply labor units to get hours, multiply by your true cost per hour, add material and job costs, then load overhead and profit.

A project engineer in a hardhat and safety vest uses a rugged tablet beside steel wall framing.
Capture field information where the work happens, then route it to the people who need it. AI-generated illustration.

To price an electrical job, take off every device, fixture, panel, and run of conduit and wire, multiply each by a labor unit (hours per item) to get total labor hours, adjust for job conditions, and multiply by your burdened labor rate. Add material at current supplier prices, job costs such as lifts and permits, then overhead and profit. Residential service and small jobs often use flat rates or per-opening prices built from the same math. The labor hours are the number to get right; material is easier to price than time.

Pricing methods electricians use

  • Labor unit estimating. The standard for commercial and larger residential work. Every item in the takeoff carries an hour value, and the estimate rolls up hours by phase.
  • Per-opening pricing. Common for new homes: a price per device or fixture location (receptacle, switch, light), plus separate prices for the service, panel, and special circuits.
  • Flat rate. Service work priced per task: add a circuit, replace a breaker, install a ceiling fan, upgrade a panel.
  • Time and materials. For troubleshooting and unclear scope. See time and materials.
  • Unit prices in contracts. Add-on rates for extra devices or footage, so changes become priced change orders.

Step 1: take off and apply labor units

Count from the drawings by type: duplex receptacles, switches, fixtures by type, panels, disconnects, feeders, and homeruns. Measure conduit by size and type and wire by size. Then apply labor units. Published labor unit manuals exist, but the best units are your own, built from tracked hours on past jobs. Adjust for conditions: working height, ceiling type, existing building versus new, occupied space, and distance to material storage.

Step 2: find your labor rate

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median electrician wage of $30.38 per hour in May 2025; your local wage, union scale, or prevailing wage may be very different. To the wage, add labor burden: payroll taxes, workers' comp, benefits, and paid time off. That gives the burdened cost per hour you use for project estimates. For service work, also divide in the van, overhead, and unbilled time to get a cost per billable hour. See how to calculate labor burden.

Worked example: a small tenant improvement

This is an illustration with made-up quantities and rates. Use your own labor units and supplier pricing.

Example labor roll-up (illustrative numbers only)
ItemQuantityLabor unit (hours)Hours
Duplex receptacles600.530
Switches180.59
2x4 LED troffers401.040
EMT conduit, 3/4 inch (per 100 feet)124.554
Wire pull, 12 AWG (per 1,000 feet)66.036
Panel, set and terminate112.012
Subtotal hours181
Condition factor: occupied building, 10%18
Total labor hours199
Example price build (illustrative numbers only)
LineAmount
Labor: 199 hours at $52 burdened$10,348
Material (supplier quote)$9,200
Lift rental, permit, disposal$1,150
Direct cost$20,698
Overhead at 15% of direct cost$3,105
Cost with overhead$23,803
Sell price at 12% net margin ($23,803 / 0.88)$27,049

Notice how much of the job is labor. If the crew actually uses 230 hours instead of 199, labor cost rises by $1,612, about half of the $3,246 profit in this example. That is why tracking hours by phase during the job matters as much as the estimate.

Per-opening pricing for residential

Residential electricians often quote new homes per opening. Build the per-opening price from the same math: average hours per opening (including the share of homeruns and boxes), times your rate, plus average material, then overhead and profit. Price the service, panel, appliance circuits, and specialty items (EV charger circuit, generator interlock, low-voltage) as separate lines. Recheck the per-opening number whenever wire prices move or job data shows your hours drifting.

Flat-rate service pricing

For service, set a standard time per task, multiply by your cost per billable hour plus margin, and add marked-up parts. Add a trip or diagnostic charge for troubleshooting calls. Panel upgrades deserve a package price with adders for service relocation, grounding upgrades, and utility coordination, since those swing hours the most. Review service task times twice a year against what techs actually log, and retire prices for tasks you rarely do so the book stays easy to use on a phone.

Public work and prevailing wage

On public jobs, the labor rate is not yours to pick. Prevailing wage rules set the minimum wage and fringe benefits for each classification, and they apply to every hour your crew works on site. Price those jobs from the posted wage determination for the county and classification, add your burden on top of the required rate, and include the office time for weekly certified payroll. Bidding a public job with your private-work rate is one of the fastest ways to lose money on a project that looked good on paper. See how to price prevailing wage jobs.

General conditions on electrical bids

Field supervision, mobilization, temporary power, job trailers or gang boxes, lifts, testing, as-built drawings, and closeout documents all cost money even though no device goes in the wall. Price them as their own section of the bid so they do not get lost inside the labor units, and adjust them for the schedule length. A job that runs eight weeks longer than planned keeps burning foreman time and lift rent.

Overhead, margin, and material risk

Know your overhead rate from last year's books, not a rule of thumb; see how to calculate construction overhead rate. Set profit as margin and convert it correctly (markup vs margin). Copper wire and switchgear prices change, so give bids a short validity window, get gear quotes in writing, and consider an escalation clause on long jobs.

Feed actual hours back into the units

After each job, compare actual hours by phase to the estimate and update your labor units. Smart Business Automator tracks estimated versus actual labor and cost on every job, which is the data your next bid needs. The electrical software guide covers estimating and service tools.

Frequently asked questions

What are labor units in electrical estimating?

Labor units are the hours assigned to install one item, such as a receptacle or 100 feet of conduit. Multiplying quantities by labor units gives total labor hours for the bid.

Should I use published labor units or my own?

Published units are a starting point. Your own units, built from tracked hours on past jobs, are more accurate for your crews and the work you do.

How do electricians price new homes?

Many use a price per opening (each device or fixture location) plus separate prices for the service, panel, and special circuits. The per-opening price is built from average hours and material.

How do I protect a bid from copper price swings?

Keep bid validity short, get written supplier quotes, and use an escalation clause on long jobs so major material increases can be passed through.

What markup do electrical contractors use?

There is no single standard. Set overhead from your own books and choose a profit margin, then convert margin to markup correctly so the sell price hits your target.

Sources

  1. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Electricians, Occupational Outlook Handbook
Written and edited by

Maurice Francois writes and edits construction operations guides for Smart Business Automator. More from Maurice on the Scaling Legends podcast.

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